Urology

Urology is a medical specialty that deals with diseases of the urinary system—which plays an important role in the body’s detoxification (kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra)—as well as the male reproductive organs (testes, epididymis, prostate, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, penis, and accessory sex glands).

The role of the urology outpatient clinic is to investigate complaints, establish a diagnosis, determine a treatment plan, and provide care and follow-up for chronic conditions. A significant proportion of urological problems can be treated effectively, especially when specialist evaluation and diagnosis are carried out in a timely manner.

When should you see a urologist?

In case of the following symptoms:

• frequent, urgent, or painful urination
• stinging or burning sensation during urination
• blood in the urine
• lower abdominal, lower back, or flank pain
• urinary incontinence
• recurrent urinary tract infections
• symptoms suggestive of kidney stones
• testicular pain, lump, or enlargement
• prostate-related symptoms (weak urine stream, nighttime urination)
• male infertility evaluation
• suspicion or follow-up of cancer

Most common urological diseases:

• benign prostatic enlargement
• bladder inflammation (cystitis)
• developmental disorders of the testes
• prostate cancer
• testicular cancer
• bladder tumor
• urinary incontinence
• kidney stones
• kidney pelvis inflammation (pyelonephritis)

What happens during a urological examination?

The first step is a detailed medical history (anamnesis), during which the doctor assesses:

• previous urogenital diseases (e.g. kidney stones, testicular diseases, prostate conditions)
• current symptoms
• possible risk factors

This is followed—if necessary—by physical and instrumental examinations.

Physical (non-instrumental) examinations:

• general physical examination

Urological examinations are generally not painful.

Instrumental urological examinations:

• MRI–ultrasound fusion-guided transperineal prostate biopsy
• various types of ultrasound examinations
• urodynamic testing
• uroflowmetry (measurement of urine flow)

Laboratory tests:

• blood and urine laboratory tests
• semen analysis

Based on the results, the urologist develops a personalized treatment and follow-up plan.

Frequently Asked Questions – Urology

Is a urological examination painful?
A basic urological examination is generally not painful, though it may involve mild discomfort.

Is any preparation needed before a urological examination?
Usually no special preparation is required, but it is useful to bring previous medical records, discharge summaries, and a list of medications. It is also recommended to arrive with a non-empty bladder (do not urinate immediately before the examination).

When is a prostate examination recommended?
It is recommended above the age of 40–50, in case of symptoms or for screening purposes, especially if there is a family history.

Do urologists only treat men?
No, urology concerns both sexes; the evaluation of female urinary tract problems also falls within this specialty.

How long does a urological examination take?
On average 20–30 minutes, depending on the number of required tests.

Should I arrive with a full bladder?
It depends on the expected examination. For ultrasound or uroflowmetry, a moderately full bladder is usually recommended. You will receive guidance when booking the appointment. If no special preparation is required, normal fluid intake is sufficient. In general, arriving without having emptied your bladder is recommended.

Should I bring PSA results to the examination?
Yes, if you have had a PSA test (prostate-specific antigen), it is advisable to bring the results. Previous lab findings help with comparison and more accurate assessment.

Can I take antibiotics before a urological examination?
If you have already started antibiotic treatment, it is not recommended to stop it on your own. However, it is important to inform your urologist about any medications, as antibiotics may affect certain test results (e.g. urine culture).

How long should alpha-blockers be stopped before a uroflow test?
Alpha-blockers (used for prostate enlargement) may affect urine flow measurement results. If a uroflow test is planned, your urologist will provide individual guidance. The medication should only be paused temporarily on medical advice and after prior consultation.
 

The text was reviewed by Dr. Sándor Póth, Chief Urologist and Head of Urology.