Internal Medicine

Internal medicine is one of the most comprehensive fields of medical science. It plays a key role in the evaluation of unclear complaints affecting multiple organ systems, as well as in the management and prevention of chronic diseases. It is often the first specialty recommended when it is not clear which field a patient should turn to, or when complex diagnostic work-up or focus investigation is required. The internist has a holistic view of how the body functions and coordinates further examinations and specialized care.

When is an internal medicine consultation recommended?

An internal medicine examination is recommended if:

• the symptoms cannot be clearly linked to a specific organ,
• there is persistent fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low-grade fever, or fever,
• abnormalities appear in laboratory test results,
• coordinated care of multiple chronic conditions is required,
• a focus search (source of infection or inflammation) becomes necessary,
• a preventive health assessment or risk evaluation is needed.

What happens during an internal medicine consultation?

Detailed medical history

The physician asks about:

• diseases occurring in the family (with particular attention to cardiovascular, metabolic, oncological, and autoimmune conditions),
• childhood illnesses and previous diseases,
• possible allergies (medications, foods, respiratory allergies),
• lifestyle factors,
• previous surgeries.

The age at onset and clustering of diseases within the family are of particular importance.

Physical examination

The internist assesses the overall internal medical status:

• examines the condition of the skin and mucous membranes,
• palpates the thyroid gland and lymph nodes,
• examines the heart and lungs by auscultation and percussion,
• checks peripheral and carotid arteries and varicose veins,
• measures blood pressure,
• palpates the abdomen, liver, and spleen,
• reviews the musculoskeletal and neurological status.

If necessary, this may be supplemented with an ECG examination.

Diagnostic plan and investigations

Based on the symptoms, physical findings, and medical history, the internist establishes a diagnostic sequence, which may include:

• laboratory tests,
• imaging procedures,
• consultations with other medical specialists.

The goal is to accurately identify the cause of the symptoms while avoiding unnecessary examinations.

Evaluation of results and follow-up care

The internist always evaluates test results in comparison with previous findings, as not only the current condition but also changes over time are decisive in therapeutic decisions. Based on the identified abnormalities, the patient enters follow-up care with regular check-ups and condition monitoring.

Role of internal medicine in prevention and early detection

Internal medicine plays a key role in prevention and early identification of risk factors, especially in relation to:

• cardiovascular diseases,
• metabolic disorders,
• endocrine diseases,
• certain oncological conditions.

The aim is to prevent the development of diseases or to reduce the risk of complications.

Frequently asked questions about internal medicine

In which cases is it worth consulting an internist?

An internal medicine consultation is recommended when symptoms are diverse and cannot be attributed to a single organ. Common reasons include persistent fatigue, weakness, recurrent pain, digestive complaints, sleep disturbances, or abnormal laboratory findings. The purpose of the consultation is to establish an accurate diagnosis and determine the appropriate referral pathway.

To which specialties can an internist refer a patient?

Based on examination results, consultation with related specialties may be necessary (such as cardiology, gastroenterology, diabetology, endocrinology, hematology, or other specialist care). Decisions are supported by laboratory tests, ECG, and imaging diagnostics. The goal is to establish a fast and targeted patient pathway.

What tests may an internist request?

An internal medicine work-up may include laboratory blood and urine tests, ECG, and imaging studies such as chest X-ray or abdominal ultrasound. Results are evaluated in comparison with previous findings, and based on this, therapy is initiated or further specialist referral is arranged.